A) Open Center
Used when cylinder "drift" is necessary under pressure (i.e. snow plow blade)
B) Closed Center
Used when cylinder must lock into place along travel path and fluid flow from supply is blocked completely (i.e. air-powered press)
C) Tandem Center
Same as "B" but allows fluid to flow through valve, reducing created fluid heat and facilitating more functions downstream (i.e. multiple valves in series)
D) Float Center
In the center position the cylinder can move freewheeling in or out under no pressure (i.e. free-wheeling hydraulic motor)
Spool Schematic
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The following formulas can be helpful in designing and sizing hydraulic systems for specific applications.
Hydraulic Formulas